Diabetes Mellitus

Pathophysiology

Causes of Diabetes

Predisposing Factors

Signs and Symptoms

Genetics

Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Secondary Diabetes

Blood Glucose Levels

Diabetes Mellitus In Pets

Tests and Diagnosis

Impaired Fasting Glycemia (IFG)

Diabetes Screening

The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Evaluating The Results of  OGTT

Treatment of Diabetes

Management of Diabetes

Drugs for Diabetes

Hyperosmolar Nonketotic State (HNS):

Many symptoms common with DKA are present in the hyperosmolar nonketotic state (HNS) which is also an acute complication that has entirely different cause and different treatment.

In a patient with very high blood glucose levels, water is drawn out of cells into the blood by Osmosis and the kidneys deposit glucose into the urine.

This results in loss of water and an increase in Blood Osmolarity and if the fluid is not replaced it leads to dehydration.

In type 2 diabetic patients, stress, infection, and medications can also lead to severely elevated blood sugar levels that are accompanied by dehydration and increase in blood osmolarity (hyperosmolar state).

This condition may lead to coma and this Hyperosmolar Coma usually occurs in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.

Similar to the diabetic ketoacidosis, a hyperosmolar coma is also a medical emergency. Immediate treatment with intravenous fluid and insulin is vital in reversing the hyperosmolar state .

Unlike patients with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetic patients are less prone to ketoacidosis. Generally, type 2 diabetes occurs in an older population and the complications and death rates from hyperosmolar coma are elevated than in DKA.

Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus

Cure for Diabetes Mellitus

Prognosis of Diabetes

Complications of Diabetes

Acute Complications

Hypoglycemia

Diabetic Acidosis and Coma

Ketoacidosis

Hyperosmolar Nonketotic State (HNS)

Chronic Complications

Cardio Vascular Diseases

Eye Complications

Kidney Damage

Nerve Damage

Diabetic Foot

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Diabetic Myonecrosis

Impact of the Disease

Dietary Modifications

Diabetic Diet

Planning for A Diabetic Diet

Modification of Diet for Diabetics

Artificial Sweeteners

Glycemic Index (GI)

Tips for Diabetics

Patient Education

Diabetes At A Glance